OPR-G380-TJ-15Approaches to CharlestonSoutheast Atlantic OceanNOAA Ship THOMAS JEFFERSONH127799Sheet plus a 0.5 NM buffer along either side of the channel, but not the channel itselfCharleston Harbor Entrance Channel AnchorageSouth CarolinaUnited States200002015Shepard M. Smith, CAPT/NOAANavigable Area2015-04-102015-05-032015-06-16Multibeam Echo SounderSide Scan SonarMultibeam Echo Sounder BackscattermetersUniversal Transverse Mercator (UTM)UTCAtlantic Hydrographic BranchNOAASurvey H12779 was conducted in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of Charleston Harbor Entrance Channel Anchorage.32.730832777879.806646944432.651688333379.6858413889H12779 Survey Limits overlaid on RNC 11528.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Coverage/H12779_Survey_Limits.jpgSurvey H12779 approximately covered an additional 0.11 square nautical miles on the eastern edge of of it's limit area to accommodate for missed data on junction survey H12766. Also, additional survey coverage was conducted over three charted Obstructions and one Wreck PA.Additional coverage area on Eastern edge of H12779.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Coverage/H12779_Additional_coverage_H12766.jpgCoverage over three Obstructions and one Wreck PA. Western portion of sheet H12779.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Coverage/H12779_Additional_coverage_WK_Obstn.jpgThis project is being conducted in support of NOAA's Office of Coast Survey to provide contemporary hydrographic data in support of a new nautical chart in this area and in response to a harbor deepening project in the Port of Charleston which will better serve deeper draft ships transiting the area. The entire survey is adequate to supersede previous data.Survey H12779 utilized two different methods of coverage; Object Detection Multibeam in the channel and up to 0.5 nautical miles on either side, as well as 200% SSS with concurrent multibeam in the anchorage area in the North Eastern section of the sheet. All survey data collected by Object Detection Multibeam was computed to a 50cm finalized CUBE surface. Holidays were calculated based on conditions set by the HSSD section 5.2.2.1. The resulting surface contains 17 holidays; although the surrounding data does not indicate significant features, obstructions or dangers to navigation. Significant holidays are highlighted with images and latitude and longitude positions. The holidays present do not supersede the overall quality of sheet H12779.Side Scan Sonar holidays not covered by H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Final.csar.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Coverage/SSS_Holidays_SE_Anchorage.tifMultibeam holidays in southwestern section of sheet H12779.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Coverage/Holidays_SW_Section_Channel.jpgMultibeam holidays southwestern section of sheet H12779.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Coverage/Holidays_2.jpgMultibeam holidays southwestern section of sheet H12779.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Coverage/Holidays_4.jpgMultibeam holidays on very most southwestern edge of sheet H12779.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Coverage/Holidays_3.jpgMultibeam holidays mid channel, western section of sheet H12779.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Coverage/Holidays_7.jpgH12779 total coverage area.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Coverage/H12779_Coverage_Area.tifS22200000326.1800031010281.4600025.14020.57031020284.6800034.81018.1200566.14000386.14038.6904.30000015.522015-05-032015-05-042015-05-152015-05-162015-05-172015-05-182015-05-202015-05-212015-05-282015-05-292015-06-012015-06-022015-06-032015-06-072015-06-16Refer to the Data Acquisition and Processing Report (DAPR) for a complete description of data acquisition and processing systems, survey vessels, quality control procedures and data processing methods. Additional information to supplement sounding and survey data, and any deviations from the DAPR are discussed in the following sections. On June 13, 2015 two new Trimble GA830 positioning antennas were installed on S222. The antennas were calibrated utilizing the GPS Azimuth Measurement System process. The configuration file produced was then applied to the POSMV 5 unit utilized by S222.S222208153101315.23102315.2Static draft values applied to S222_Reson7125_ROV_400kHz_2015.hvffile:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/S222_static_draft_H12779.jpgData was acquired by S222, 3101 and 3102. The three platforms collected Reson multibeam echosounder soundings, multibeam backscatter data; side scan sonar imagery, sound velocity profiles, surface sound speed readings, and position and attitude data. Reson7125-ROVMBESReson7125-SV1MBESReson7125-SV2MBESKlein5000 v1SSSKlein5000 v2SSSApplanixPOS M/V v4Positioning and Attitude SystemApplanixPOS M/V v5Positioning and Attitude SystemTrimbleSPS351 DGPS BeaconPositioning SystemSeabird Seacat 19Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth SensorSeabird Seacat 19+Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth SensorBrook Ocean TechnologyMVP-100Sound Speed SystemAML Oceanographic Smart SV&PSound Speed SystemResonSV-70Sound Speed SystemResonSV-71Sound Speed SystemVessel configurations, equipment operations, and data acquisition & processing were consistent with specifications described in the DAPR, with the exception of the two Trimble antennas mention in section B.1.Thomas Jefferson's launches collected 38.69 linear nautical miles of MBES crosslines, equating to 4.3% of mainscheme MBES data. A swath filter reducing the beam angles on the port and starboard sides from 70 degrees to 60 degrees was applied to all crosslines collected with the Reson 7125 SV2 to reduce outer beam uncertainty. Crosslines were compared to mainscheme using a difference surface, created in CARIS HIPS & SIPS. A surface combining the 50 cm and 1 m mainscheme, H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Combined_Final.csar, was created to difference crosslines at a 1 m resolution. A total 99.9% of 3,196,909 nodes were within 0.33 m of each other.H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Combined_Final & H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_XL difference statistics.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Statistics/Combined/H12779_1m_Combined_XL_Difference.jpg00.125S222010.23101400.23102400.2Total Propagated Uncertainty values for survey H12779 were derived using a combination of: real time uncertainties for vessel motion; a priori values for equipment and vessel characteristics; an a priori value for the separation model used to reduce soundings to chart datum; and field assigned values for sound speed uncertainties. The realtime uncertainties for vessel motion include roll, pitch, gyro, navigation, and elevation. The uncertainties in these measurements were recorded as part of the POSPac Marinestar 5P 3D positional solution, as well as the POSPac Marinestar IAPPK solution, and were applied to the soundings via an SBET RMS file generated by Applanix POSPac. Uncertainties for sonar mounting and vessel speed were based on Appendix 4, table 4.9 of the NOAA Field Procedures Manual (FPM) (ed 2014). These were applied to the data via the CARIS HIPS Hydrographic Vessel File. The uncertainty associated with the VDatum separation model was supplied by the Hydrographic Services Division’s Operations Branch, and is listed under the Zoning (see Table 6). Finally, the uncertainty associated with sound speed measurements were based on the frequency and location of CTD casts, in accordance with the guidance set by Appendix 4 of the FPM (ed 2014) (see Table 7). Total Propagated Uncertainty was then evaluated to ensure compliance with section 5.1.3 of NOAA's Hydrographic Survey Specification and Deliverables (HSSD). First the maximum allowable uncertainty for each node was calculated using the equation: -Uncertainty/((0.5^2+((Depth*0.013)^2))^0.5). Second the ratio between actual uncertainty and maximum allowed uncertainty is found for each node. The resulting 'TVU_QC' layer was filtered using a color map to show any areas where actual uncertainty exceeded the maximum allowed uncertainty. Additionally the Pydro Finalized CSAR QA tool was utilized for each surface to be submitted. For H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Final.csar, 99.9% of 25,923,363 nodes passed uncertainty standards. For H12779_MB_50cm_MLLW_Final.csar, 99.9% of 111,887,588 nodes passed uncertainty standards. For H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Combined_Final.csar, 99.9% of 50,436,635 nodes passed uncertainty standards. H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Final Uncertainty Standards statistics utilizing Pydro Finalized CSAR QA.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Statistics/1m/H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Final_TVU_QC.pngH12779_MB_50cm_MLLW_Final Uncertainty Standards statistics utilizing Pydro Finalized CSAR QA.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Statistics/50cm/H12779_MB_50cm_MLLW_Final_TVU_QC.pngH12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Combined_Final Uncertainty Standards statistics utilizing Pydro Finalized CSAR QA.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Statistics/Combined/H12779_MB_1m_Combined_Final_TVU_QC.pngOne contemporary survey, H12766, was acquired during the same relative time frame of acquisition and junctions H12779. The difference between survey H12779 and H12766 ranged from –1.117 m to 1.708 m. The mean was -0.069 m, and the standard deviation was 0.095 m. When differenced 99.91% of 175,229 nodes were within 0.33 m of each other.H12779 and H12766 junction boundary.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Junction/H12779_H12766_Junction.jpgH12779 and H12766 difference statistics.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Junction/H12779_H12766_Stats.jpgSonar system quality control checks were conducted as detailed in the quality control section of the DAPR.3101 Klein 5000 Light Weight Side Scan SonarSurvey launch 3101 exhibited a continuous systematic "striation" artifact in its SSS data. This artifact distorted the data by repeating or smearing the image through the striations. The chief hydrographer chose to utilize launches 3101 and 3102 to collect Object Detection Multibeam in the channel and up to 0.5 nautical miles on either side. Survey platform S222 utilized set line spacing SSS in the Northern anchorage area. Once the SSS artifacts were resolved, both HSL's were used to collect SSS holidays from the ship and were combined into the 100 and 200% mosaics. 3101 SSS systematic artifact.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/SSS%20Artifacts/3101_SSS_artifact.jpg3101 and 3102 Vertical OffsetsSurvey vessel S222, 3101, and 3102 collected positioning data via POSMV units with Fugro Marinestar Precise Point Positioning raw data inputs. All raw data was run through Post Processed Precise Point Positioning (5P) using POSPac MMV 7.1.5637.21708 software. Survey launches 3101 and 3102 exhibited high vertical offsets after the POSPac SBETs were applied. Data which exhibited vertical offset measurements greater than 30 cm were reprocessed using IAPPK solutions. The following survey days' positioning data for launch 3101 was reprocessed using an IAPPK solution; DN123 (XLs), DN124(XLs), DN148, DN149, DN152. The following survey days' positioning data for launch 3102 was reprocessed using an IAPPK solution; DN123(XLs), DN135, DN136, DN137, DN138, DN140,DN148, DN149, DN152. In all, 57.8% of the data was processed using IAPPK and 42.2% was processed using Marinestar 5P. Launch 3101 DN138 and DN140 survey data after IAPPK solutions were applied. H12779_MB_50cm_MLLW_Final.csar exaggerated at 15.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Vertical_Differences/3101_DN138_DN140.jpgSubset of launch 3101 data DN138. Vertical difference of 0.190 m.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Vertical_Differences/3101_DN138_Subset.jpgSubset of launch 3101 data DN140. Vertical difference of 0.206 m.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Vertical_Differences/3101_DN140_Subset.jpgLaunch 3101 DN149 survey data survey data after IAPPK solutions were applied. H12779_MB_50cm_MLLW_Final.csar exaggerated at 15. file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Vertical_Differences/3101_DN149.jpgSubset of launch 3101 data DN149. Vertical difference of 0.139 m. file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Vertical_Differences/3101_DN149_Subset.jpgLaunch 3102 DN148 survey data survey data after IAPPK solutions were applied. H12779_MB_50cm_MLLW_Final.csar exaggerated at 15. file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Vertical_Differences/3102_DN148.jpgSubset of launch 3102 data DN148. Vertical difference of 0.110 m.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Vertical_Differences/3102_DN148_subset.jpgBase Stations utilized by 3101's IAPPK solutions.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/3101_BASE_stations.jpgBase stations utilized by 3102's IAPPK solutions.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/3102_BASE_stations.jpgCTD cast performed by launches 3101 & 3102 were taken at a minimum of 4 hour intervals; or in areas where surface sound speed changed by 3 m/s compared to the previous cast taken. MVP casts were performed by S222 at a minimum of 30 minute intervals; or in areas where surface sound speed changed by 3 m/s compared to the previous cast taken.For survey H12779, two MVP casts taken outside the sheet exceeded the distance limits determined by HSSD section 5.2.3.3. The two casts were not removed from the applied sound velocity profiles due to the field unit's observations of depths where they were taken. The observed depths provided adequate sound speed profiles to be applied to the data close by, and did display characteristics or values that differed from the surrounding environment.H12779 geographic coverage of sound velocity casts from S222, 3101 and 3102.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/SV_coverage.jpgAll equipment and survey methods were used as detailed in the DAPR.Density Requirements for survey H12779Density requirements for H12779 were analyzed using the Pydro Finalized CSAR QA script. It was found 99.6% of H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Final.csar nodes contain five or more soundings. It was found 99.9% of H12779_MB_50cm_MLLW_Final.csar nodes contain five or more soundings. It was found 99.8% of H12779_MB_1m_Combined_MLLW_Final.csar nodes contain five or more soundings.H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Final.csar Object Detection Coverage, 99.6%file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Statistics/1m/H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Final_Density.pngH12779_MB_50cm_MLLW_Final.csar Object Detection Coverage, 99.9%file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Statistics/50cm/H12779_MB_50cm_MLLW_Final_Density.pngH12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Combined_Final.csar Object Detection Coverage, 99.8%file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Statistics/Combined/H12779_MB_1m_Combined_Final_Density.pngStatic draft measurements were taken for S222 during survey acquisition for H12779 and applied to it's HVF after the initial DAPR was signed. Updates to the S222 HVF can be found in the DAPR Appendix_I_Vessel_Reports. All sounding systems were calibrated as detailed in the DAPR. Backscatter data was logged as 7k files and submitted to the Atlantic Hydrographic Branch for processing. One line per vessel, per day was processed aboard the Thomas Jefferson in order to assess and ensure quality. CarisHIPS/SIPS9.0.132015-04-14ProcessingCarisHIPS/SIPS9.0.142015-06-07ProcessingCarisHIPS/SIPS9.0.162015-07-24ProcessingCarisHIPS/SIPS9.0172015-08-30ProcessingApplanixPosPAC7.1.5637.217082015-08-30ProcessingNOAA Profile V_5_3_3H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_FinalizedCUBE16.1524.30NOAA_1m200% SSSH12779_MB_50cm_MLLW_FinalizedCUBE0.52.2323.51NOAA_0.5mObject DetectionH12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Combined_FinalizedCUBE13.5124.30NOAA_1mObject DetectionH12779_SSS_100SSS Mosaic1N/A100% SSSH12779_SSS_200SSS Mosaic1N/A200% SSSPer section 5.2.2.1 of the NOAA HSSD Manual (ed 2015), all Object Detection MBES data was gridded according to depth: 0.5m resolution for depths ranging from 0 - 20m. Per section 5.2.2.1 of NOAA HSSD Manual (2015 ed), MBES surfaces were gridded according to the Project Instructions for OPR-B380-TJ-15 guidelines for 200% side scan sonar with set multibeam line spacing. For the 1m grid, the chief hydrographer decided to exceed the requirements for set line spacing, by using object detection methods, because the data met the specifications outlined in HSSD.Multimbeam Data FiltersA swath filter was applied to the data to remove sonar side lobe anomalies in the RESON SV2 system. The filter used logic that rejected bathymetric data points beyond 60 degrees on either side of nadir. The filter was only applied to cross lines. All other erroneous data was manually rejected by the hydrographer during normal data processing and editing.Per section 5.1.2.3 of the FPM (2014 ed), no Horizontal and Vertical Control Report has been generated for Survey H12779.Mean Lower Low WaterDiscrete ZoningCharleston 86655308665530.tidFinal ApprovedG380TJ2015CORP.zdfFinal2015-07-072015-07-29Refer to Tide Note for Hydrography in the Descriptive Report Appendices I-Tide & Water Levels.VDatum2015_G380_VDatum_NAD83_MLLW_rev2.csarAll soundings submitted as H12779 are reduced to MLLW using documented VDatum techniques. If it is deemed necessary to change the water level reduction method to discrete zoning the following additional information will be useful: 1) The National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON) stations serving as datum control for this survey is Charleston, SC (8665530). 2) The submitted water level files (8665530_Verified.tid) are the final approved water levels for the period of hydrography. These files have been loaded to all CARIS lines submitted as H12779. 3) The submitted tide corrector (G380TJ2015CORP.zdf) is the preliminary zoning file that was accepted as final per final tide note, submitted in Appendix I. This file has been loaded to all CARIS lines submitted as H12779. 4) A request for final approved tides was sent to COOPS on 07 July 2015. The final tide note was received on 29 July 2015, stating that preliminary zoning is accepted as the final zoning for project OPR-G380-TJ-15, H12779.North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83)The projection used for this project is UTM zone 17 north. Additional information discussing the use of 5P for this survey can be found in the accompanying DAPR.Smart BaseSingle BaseNOAA Ship Thomas Jefferson and her launches acquire positioning data via POSMV TPUs. S222 utilizes a POSMV 5, while launches 3101 and 3102 utilize a POSMV 4. The POSMV 4 TPUs have an upgraded firmware package allowing them to collect data comparable to a POSMV 5. All of these TPUs utilize a Fugro Marinestar Virtual Base Station subscription which collects Precise Point Positioning data. Chart comparison procedures were followed as outlined in section 4.5 of the FPM (2014 ed) and section 8.1.4 sub section D.1 of the HSSD (2015 ed). The ENC and RNC versions of the relevant charts were reviewed to ensure that the latest USCG Local Notice to Mariners (LNM) has been applied. Additional chart comparisons for survey H12779 were conducted using a selected sounding set generated at chart scale (1:40000) with a radius of 1m. In CARIS BDB, the soundings were then converted into a point cloud, from which a 1m interpolated surface was generated. Contouring was run on the interpolated surface and the results are shown in the figure below. Contours derived from H12779 data overlaid on RNC 11528.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Sounding%20Set/Contours_overlaid_RNC.jpgContours derived from H12779 data overlaid on ENC US5SC25Mfile:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Sounding%20Set/Contours_overlaid_ENC.jpg115282574000012014-072015-09-022015-07-07In general, survey H12779 is in agreement with chart 11528. The smoothed contours of the chart are in general agreement to surveyed soundings, though perhaps too generalized for the area. Surveyed depths concur with charted depths within 1-2ft. The Hydrographer recommends updating all contours and soundings with the digital data from survey H12779. Western section of H12779 RNC comaprison.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Sounding%20Set/RNC_Contours_West.jpgWestern section of H12779 RNC comaprison.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Sounding%20Set/RNC_Contours_East.jpgUS5SC25M4000012015-06-172015-06-17falseIn general, survey H12779 is in agreement with ENC US5SC25M. The smoothed contours of the chart are in general agreement to surveyed soundings, though perhaps too generalized for the area. Surveyed depths concur with charted depths within 1-2ft. The Hydrographer recommends updating all contours and soundings with the digital data from survey H12779.Western portion of H12779 contours compared to ENC US5SC25M.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Sounding%20Set/ENC_Contours_West.jpgEastern portion of H12779 contours compared to ENC US5SC25M.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Sounding%20Set/ENC_Contours_East.jpgNo AWOIS items were assigned for this survey.No Maritime Boundary Points were assigned for this survey. A total of 17 charted features were investigated during the course of survey H12779. Consult the H12779_FFF.hob file for more information about the charted features in the survey area. A total of 10 uncharted features were discovered in survey H12779. Consult the H12799_FFF.hob file for more information about the charted features in the survey area. 1Dangers to Navigation for Survey H127792015-05-28Danger to Navigation Reports are included in Appendix II of this report. All shoals are in agreement with the previously charted depths.Survey H12779 encompasses 7.730 linear nautical miles of the Fort Sumter Range which has a maintained depth of 47 feet. Comparing a sounding set based on the depth layer of H12779_MB_50cm_MLLW_Final CUBE surface to the most recent chart it was found that most of the soundings are 2 feet deeper than the controlled depth.Soundings plotted form H12779_MB_1m_MLLW_Combined_Final CUBE surface.file:///H:/Surveys/OPR-G380-TJ-15/H12779/Processed/Multimedia/Sounding%20Set/channel_soundings.jpgNo bottom samples were required for this survey.Shoreline was not assigned in the Hydrographic Survey Project Instructions or Statement of Work.No prior survey comparisons exist for this survey.No Aids to navigation (ATONs) exist for this survey.No overhead features exist for this survey.No submarine features exist for this survey.No ferry routes or terminals exist for this survey.No platforms exist for this survey.Consult H12779_FFF.hob.No present or planned construction or dredging exist within the survey limits, except within the channel maintained by the Army Corps of Engineers.No new surveys or further investigations are recommended for this area.No new insets are recommended for this area.As Chief of Party, field operations for this hydrographic survey were conducted under my direct supervision, with frequent personal checks of progress and adequacy. I have reviewed the attached survey data and reports.All field sheets, this Descriptive Report, and all accompanying records and data are approved. All records are forwarded for final review and processing to the Processing Branch.The survey data meets or exceeds requirements as set forth in the NOS Hydrographic Surveys and Specifications Deliverables Manual, Field Procedures Manual, Letter Instructions, and all HSD Technical Directives. These data are adequate to supersede charted data in their common areas. This survey is complete and no additional work is required with the exception of deficiencies noted in the Descriptive Report.Shepard M. Smith, CAPT/NOAAChief of Party2015-10-29Joseph K. Carrier, LT/NOAAField Operations Officer2015-10-29Alex C. LigonSheet Manager2015-10-28